William I Penny, PAXS type, Hythe Mint, Moneyer Eadred

William I (1066-87), silver PAXS Penny (1083-86), Hythe Mint, Moneyer Eadred, facing crowned bust with sceptre to right, crown type 3, legend and beaded circles surrounding both sides, +PILLELM REX, rev. cross pattee, each letter of PAXS in an annulet per angle, +EDRED ON HIÐE, weight 1.42g (BMC VIII 711; N.850; S.1257). Toned, one light crease, struck from a rusted die, good very fine and very rare.

The legends translate as "William King of the English" on obverse and on the reverse "Eadred of Hythe."

In the British Museum publication Norman Kings, their own example of this coin is noted as also struck from rusted dies and was acquired from the Beaworth find of 1833 which is where most of the Pax type Pennies in the collecting world likely emanated from. This coin may well be from that find of 1833 as it is of a similar nature.

North records only this one Moneyer at the mint of Hythe working only in types 5 and 8.

The first Norman King of England, William the Conqueror born around 1028 was the son of Robert I of Normandy and Herleya. A descendant of Rollo, William became Duke of Normandy in 1035, he subsequently married Matilda of Flanders in the 1050s ensuring a powerful ally in that neighbouring region. After a protracted struggle and quashing rebellions, his hold over Normandy was eventually secure by 1060 and with appointment of supporting abbots and bishops in the Norman church, and he subsequently secured the region of Maine in 1062. William's first cousin once removed was the childless Edward the Confessor of England and from this family connection and that Edward had previously told him he would succeed, he assumed a claim to the throne of England over Harold Godwinson, who Edward had named as his successor on his deathbed in January 1066. William also claimed that Harold previously had promised the throne to him in the event of succession, Harold having sworn over holy relics in William's presence as depicted in the Bayeux tapestry. William therefore built up a powerful invasion force to cross the channel and fight for the right to rule England as of September 1066. He landed at Pevensey Bay and after setting up camp with a basic fort at Hastings he marched north to meet Harold at Senlac Hill at Battle, East Sussex on the 14^th October. A battle raged for most of the day, with at one point a rumour spread that William was slain resulting in him having to remove his helmet and reveal he was alive and fighting, boosting the morale of the Normans for the final onslaught in which Harold perished, either from an arrow in the eye or cut down by a horseman. William then went on a military tour to put down local uprisings leading to his crowning in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day. He made arrangements in London for governance for whenever he would be in Normandy, and by 1075 his hold on England was almost complete with many forts and castles constructed. His later years involved quelling other uprisings in Europe and difficulty with his eldest son Robert Curthose, but his most famous achievement in England was the preparation of the Domesday Book in 1086; a survey of the land and the land-owners and nobles within it, listing pre-conquest and current holders at that time. William died in September 1087 leading a campaign in northern France and was buried at Caen. Normandy was given to eldest son Robert, with England given to his next surviving son William Rufus.

One of the "Cinque Ports" Hythe on the Kent coastline nearly 70 miles from London was a mint town in the reigns from Edward the Confessor until William II with a die link with Canterbury in the reign of William the Conqueror.

Provenance:

Ex Richard Cyril Lockett, English part I, Glendining, 6^th June 1955, lot 970 part.

Ex Glendining, 24^th May 1972, lot 667.

Ex Sotheby, 19^th April 1993, lot 129.

Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Auction 108, 16^th May 2018, lot 1139.

Ex Collection of an English Doctor part II, Sovereign Rarities fixed price list online May 2022.